Drones and gimbals - encoders elevating aerial precision

The rise of drone applications has significantly increased demand for highly accurate and lightweight gimbals. Gimbals enable drones to accommodate a variety of payloads for a range of technologies and use cases.

The vital role of encoders in drone and gimbal applications


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High-precision encoders are essential for drone stability, navigation, and gimbal camera control, providing accurate feedback on movement, orientation, and stabilisation. Below are key applications where Renishaw encoders deliver performance and reliability.

Drones


Flight control - Drone encoders for stable UAV performance


Maintaining stable flight requires precise control of motor speed and orientation. High-resolution encoders provide real-time feedback on motor rotation, enabling the flight controller to adjust speed and orientation dynamically.

This ensures accurate hovering, smooth navigation, and responsive manoeuvring—critical for UAVs used in surveying, inspection, and autonomous operations.

➤ Encoders for smooth navigation


The AksIM™ absolute magnetic encoder is a compact, non-contact rotary encoder, ideal for drone motor control. Its off-axis design accommodates tight installation spaces, while its high repeatability ensures reliable feedback for stable flight control.

With high-speed operation (up to 10,000 rpm) and a resolution of up to 20 bits, it supports dynamic UAV manoeuvres and precise control loops.

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Illustration of a drone designed for sites surveying and area inspection.jpg
A drone designed for surveying sites


Navigation and positioning - Encoders for enhanced UAV accuracy


While global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) provides global positioning, signal interruptions can affect accuracy.
Integrating encoders with onboard inertial sensors enhances positional data, allowing drones to maintain precise navigation even in GNSS-denied environments—vital for autonomous flight and precision landing.

➤ Encoders for autonomous drone flight


The AksIM™ absolute magnetic encoder is a compact, high-performance solution ideal for UAV navigation systems operating in GNSS-denied environments. It delivers true-absolute position feedback, eliminating the need for homing cycles and ensuring reliable control during autonomous drone flight and precision landing.

It's robust magnetic sensing technology resists vibration, dust, and interference, making it ideal for outdoor UAV applications.


Cargo control - Encoders for stabilisation in delivery drones


Delivery drones often transport delicate items such as cameras or medical supplies. Encoders within gimbal systems help stabilise these components, ensuring consistent orientation and reliable data capture throughout flight.

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A delivery drone is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) used to transport packages


Gimbals


Camera stabilisation - Gimbal encoders for smooth aerial footage


Gimbals stabilise cameras mounted on drones, vehicles or handheld devices by counteracting unintended motion across three axes—pan, tilt and roll.

Encoders measure angular displacement with high precision, enabling the control system to carry out corrective movements in real time. This ensures smooth footage and precise sensor alignment, even in dynamic or unstable environments.


Illustration of a gimbal camera equipped with a Renishaw RESOLUTE absolute encoder readhead and encoder scale, demonstrating rotation along the elevation and azimuth axes.jpg

A gimbal camera fitted with Renishaw RESOLUTE absolute™ encoder systems

The RESOLUTE™ true-absolute encoder is a high-speed, fine-resolution position measurement system where position is acquired instantly without the need for any motion. RESOLUTE™ measures angles and rotational positions along the elevation and azimuth axes in a gimbal camera with exceptional accuracy.


Panoramic photography - Encoders for seamless aerial imaging


To produce seamless panoramic images, gimbals must rotate the camera with precise angular control. Encoders ensure consistent rotation along the horizontal axis, enabling accurate image stitching and smooth transitions.

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Target tracking - Encoders for object-focused gimbal control


Advanced gimbals track moving subjects or points of interest. Encoders provide angular feedback needed to maintain focus on the target, even as the drone or gimbal moves dynamically.

The RESOLUTE™ absolute encoder delivers fast, accurate position updates, enabling responsive tracking performance in real-time applications such as surveillance, wildlife monitoring, and live broadcasting.

Remote operation - Encoders for responsive gimbal control


Remotely operated gimbals must respond accurately to user commands. Encoders ensure synchronised camera movements, providing precise and predictable motion from a distance.

Why RESOLUTE™ is a strong fit for gimbal-based camera stabilisation?


The RESOLUTE™ encoder offers true-absolute position feedback, which means it provides accurate angular data immediately upon power-up—no need for referencing or homing. This is essential for gimbal systems that must react instantly to motion and maintain stable orientation across pan, tilt and roll axes.

Its exceptionally high resolution (up to 32-bit rotary) and ultra-low jitter (<10 nm RMS) enable precise control of corrective movements, ensuring smooth footage even in dynamic or unstable environments.

The encoder’s low Sub-Divisional Error (SDE ±40 nm) contributes to fluid motion and minimal vibration, which is critical for professional video capture.

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RESOLUTE™ is also designed to perform reliably in harsh conditions.
It features an IP64 sealed readhead, high dirt immunity, and robust vibration resistance, as demonstrated in airborne applications such as radar systems mounted on UH60 Blackhawk helicopters.
These qualities make it ideal for drones and vehicles where environmental challenges are common.

Where can you find gimbals?


Gimbals are prevalent in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), unmanned surface vehicles (USVs), and unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs), playing crucial roles in diverse industries.

From agriculture and surveillance to photography, filmmaking, search and rescue, oceanographic research, environmental monitoring, to industrial inspection, unmanned vehicles benefit from the stability and precise control provided by gimbals.


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An unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and an unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs).jpg
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), unmanned surface vehicles (USVs), and unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs)


Radar


Radar relies on rotation to scan and determine the position, speed, and distance of objects. To ensure accurate object detection, an encoder serves as a feedback system, supplying real-time information about the angular position of the radar's rotating antenna. Continuous rotation enables the radar system to cover a wide area and detect diverse objects.

The encoder functions as a positional feedback system for the rotating antenna, delivering precise information about its angular position during rotation.

This data allows the radar system to ascertain the antenna's exact orientation at any given time, which is crucial for precise calculations of the position, speed, and distance of detected objects.

Not sure which encoder suits you?


Where can you find radar?


Radar application in maritime navigation and aviation.jpg
Radar application in maritime navigation and weather prediction.jpg
Radar technology is widely utilised in aviation, air traffic control, weather monitoring/prediction, maritime navigation, and space exploration


What to consider when selecting encoder systems for drones and gimbals?


The table below outlines the key factors typically evaluated when choosing an encoder system for precision stages. These factors include encoder performance, environment conditions, installation requirements, and other relevant considerations.

Drones and gimbals

Performance

✔ Resolution
✔ Sub-divisional error
✔ Rotary range
✔ Controller input frequency
✔ Readhead mass
✔ Cable flex radius


Environment

✔  Temperature
✔  Humidity
✔  Vibration
✔  Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
✔  IP rating

Installation

✔ Size
✔ Ride height tolerance
✔ Yaw / pitch / roll
✔ Connectors


Others

✔ Protocol

Encoder success stories: Pan and tilt

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RF antenna systems – combat the vibration on a Blackhawk


Pacific Antenna Systems (PAS) designs, fabricates and manufactures state-of-the-art antenna systems that use radio frequencies (RF) ranging from 1–110 GHz. Applications include high-resolution radar, high-rate data communications for line-of-sight and satellite (SATCOM) communications, and high-power microwave systems for drone (UAS) countermeasures.

The basic principle of an antenna is the accurate positioning of an RF beam on a target. PAS utilizes several different electro-mechanical designs for its antennas, depending on the application. Rotary position encoders are installed on each motion axis (gimbal) to provide the required precision and accuracy.


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RESOLUTE™ true-absolute encoders have been flown on UH60 Blackhawk helicopters, where the vibration environment is extremely challenging, as part of the collision avoidance radar.

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PAS antenna gimbal assembly on a shock and vibration test stand

Open quotation mark

We need repeatability within a thousandth of a degree. We must test all components on these assemblies due to the significant nature of the applications.

RESOLUTE™ more than exceeds our requirements.

Pacific Antenna Systems (USA) Close quotation mark



Astronomical research - telescope precision in desert environments

The Wise Observatory is an astronomical research facility owned and operated by Tel Aviv University. Located in Israel's Negev desert, the observatory has been supporting cutting-edge astronomical research for over 40 years.

Tel Aviv University's telescope is fully robotic and equipped with a very high-resolution spectrograph to discover planets around known stars. Encoders are attached to the telescope's axes to sense the position of the telescope as it moves.

The Wise Observatory is an astronomical research facility owned and operated by Tel Aviv University. Located in Israel's Negev desert..jpg
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One-metre main telescope at the Wise Observatory

Open quotation mark

The temperature in the desert can change drastically. These varying temperatures can negatively impact metals, as they expand and contract with temperature changes.

When designing the bespoke mounting brackets to attach the new encoders to the telescope, we had to account for thermal expansion to ensure that weather conditions did not impact the accuracy of the telescope.

Wise Observatory (Israel) Close quotation mark


The team installed the RESOLUTE™ linear encoders to each axis of the telescope. The roll axis controls the orientation of the telescope, which is used to view different areas of sky, while the pan axis controls the side-to-side movement of the lens and camera. Ultra-low Sub-Divisional Error (SDE) and jitter result in a linear encoder system that outperforms any other encoder in its class.


Virtual reality – the beauty of vision technology


Virtual reality (VR) technology relies heavily on camera positional data for perfect synchronisation between virtual and physical elements in real-time broadcasting. This is why camera support equipment manufactured by Hong Kong-based Power Plus depends on the accuracy and repeatability provided by Renishaw encoders.


Virtual reality (VR) technology relies heavily on camera positional data for perfect synchronisation between virtual and physical elements in real-time broadcasting.jpg
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Power Plus’s camera support equipment depends on the accuracy and repeatability provided by Renishaw encoders.

Open quotation mark

Compared with the use of traditional enclosed encoders, the non-contact encoder has excellent repeatability and with zero backlash, which is critical for VR performance.

We are very satisfied with Renishaw's encoders which are built for precision.

Power Plus (Hong Kong) Close quotation mark


Power Plus’s high-precision pan-tilt head and jib employ Renishaw's incremental rotary encoder system on both the pan and tilt axes, with a non-contact optical readhead offering repeatability to 0.004 arc seconds.

Recommended solution: QUANTiC™ incremental encoder with RESM scale.




Recommended encoder solutions

Drones and gimbals

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For electric vehicles (EVs)

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AksIM™ absolute magnetic encoder

A non-contact high-performance off-axis absolute rotary encoder designed for applications with limited installation space. The compact, low-profile readhead detects and evaluates the magnetic field of a thin, axially magnetised ring.

True absolute, single track

Non contact, no hysteresis

High speed

Low profile

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AksIM-2™ absolute magnetic encoder

A non-contact high-performance off-axis absolute rotary encoder designed for applications with limited installation space. The compact, low-profile readhead detects and evaluates the magnetic field of a thin, axially magnetised ring.

True absolute

Improved repeatability

Built-in self-monitoring

Immunity to external magnetic fields


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Orbis™ absolute magnetic encoder 

A through-hole rotary encoder suitable for applications where a typical encoder cannot be mounted at the end of the rotating shaft due to space constraints. The through-hole measuring principle allows customisation, with various board and magnet sizes to suit your application.

✔ True absolute encoder

Fixable mounting along the shaft

Optional self-calibration

Wide installation tolerances

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RESOLUTE™ true-absolute encoder 

The true-absolute encoder with a high-speed fine-resolution position measurement system. Position is acquired immediately on start-up without requiring any motion, offering smooth velocity control and dependable positional stability. Available with linear and rotary scales with a variety of serial interfaces.

High speed

Excellent dirt immunity

Low SDE

Low jitter

AM8192B rotary magnetic encoder IC

Designed for motion.

✔ W

D

H

✔ R

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OnAxis™ encoder modules

Designed for motion.

✔ W

D

H

✔ R

Speak to out manufacturing consultants

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Case Studies

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